Stem Cells and Ensheathing Cells from the Nasal Olfactory Mucosa: a Tool for the Repair of the Damaged Spinal Cord
نویسنده
چکیده
................................................................................................................... i Statement of Originality........................................................................................... iii List of Figures.......................................................................................................... ix List of Tables........................................................................................................... xi List of Abbreviations............................................................................................... xii List of Publications.................................................................................................. xvi Acknowledgements.................................................................................................. xvii Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 General Introduction.................................................................... 2 1.2 Spinal Cord Repair Strategies......................................................... 3 1.3 Structure and Function of the Olfactory Mucosa.................................... 5 1.3.1 The Olfactory Epithelium................................................... 6 1.3.2 The Olfactory Lamina Propria............................................. 7 1.4 The Olfactory Bulb..................................................................... 7 1.5 Olfactory Ensheathing Cells (OECs).................................................. 8 1.6 Schwann Cells........................................................................... 10 1.7 Glial Cell Identification................................................................. 10 1.7.1 Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein.............................................. 11 1.7.2 S100............................................................................ 12 1.7.3 p75 (Low-affinity NGF Receptor)......................................... 12 1.7.4 HNK1........................................................................... 13 1.7.5 Galactocerebroside............................................................ 13 1.7.6 O4 (anti-sulfatide)............................................................ 13 1.7.7 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor α............................... 14 1.8 Olfactory Ensheathing Cells and the Repair of Damaged Nerves................ 14 1.9 Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Transplants and Spinal Cord Repair................. 16 1.10 Stem Cells.............................................................................. 17 1.11 Stem Cells from the Olfactory Mucosa............................................. 20 1.12 The Stem Cell Niche and Stem Cell Identification.......................................... 21 1.12.1 Nestin......................................................................... 23 1.12.2 CD 117 (c-kit)................................................................ 23 1.13 Adult Stem Cell Differentiation...................................................... 24 1.14 Neural Lineage Differentiation....................................................... 24 1.14.1 Astrocytes and Reactive Astrocytes...................................... 25 1.14.2 Neurons...................................................................... 26 1.14.3 Oligodendrocytes........................................................... 26 1.15 Transdifferentiation of Adult Neural Stem Cells..................................... 28 1.16 Stem Cells and Axon Regeneration................................................. 29 1.17 Stem Cells and Spinal Cord Repair.................................................. 30 1.18 Growth Factors, Hormones and Neurogenesis................................................ 31 1.18.1 Neurotrophic Growth Factor Family..................................... 32 1.18.1.1 Nerve Growth Factor........................................... 33 1.18.1.2 Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor........................... 34 1.18.1.3 Neurotrophin 3................................................... 34 1.18.1.4 Neurotrophin 4................................................... 35 1.18.1.5 Neurotrophin Trk Receptors................................... 35 1.18.2 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor........................................... 36 1.18.3 Epidermal Growth Factor.................................................. 37
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